Steel casting
Steel casting is a specialized form of casting involving various types of steel. Steel castings are used when cast irons cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance. Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, turbocharger turbines and engine cylinder blocks.
Steel castings are categorized into two general groups: carbon steels and alloy steels.
Steel castability
Steel is more difficult to cast than iron. It has a higher melting point and greater shrinkage rate, which requires consideration during mold design. Risers should be given more capacity to draw from as the metal cools and shrinks. Attention should be paid to the thickness of mold cavities, as thinner areas will cool quicker than thicker areas, which can create internal stress points that can lead to fracture.
Molten steel is also less fluid than molten iron, making it more difficult to pour and fill intricate gaps in a mold cavity. Molten steel is also more likely to react with internal mold surfaces, making for more unpredictable results.
Machinability
Cast parts often require machining to achieve accurate tolerances and desired surface finishes. Carbon steel is the easiest type of steel to machine. High-carbon steel can be more time consuming to cut or grind, and will wear tools faster. Low-carbon steel can get gummy, making it difficult to work with.
Generally, the presence of alloys used to increase mechanical performance often make machining more difficult.
Damping ability
Casting is often a valuable means to creating intricate parts used in machine applications where vibration is often a factor. Cast steel typically has a lower damping ability than cast iron, which can lead to excess vibration and noise in the form of ringing or squealing.
Impact and wear resistance
Most steels offer a good balance of strength and ductility, which makes them extremely tough. This allows them to withstand significant stress and strain without fracturing. Steel can also be fairly wear-resistant. Alloy additions can increase both impact and wear resistance.
Steel casting alloys
Alloy steel castings are broken down into two categories: low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels. Low-alloy steels contain less than 8% alloying content and high-alloy steels have 8% or more.
This is a table of some steel casting alloys:
Heat resistant steel castings per ASTM A297-1981 |
|
Grade
|
Nominal alloy composition [%wt]
|
Tensile strength, minimum
|
0.2% Yield strength, minimum
|
% Elongation in 2 in., minimum
|
|
ksi
|
MPa
|
ksi
|
MPa
|
|
HC
|
28 Cr
|
55
|
380
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
HD
|
28 Cr, 5 Ni
|
75
|
515
|
35
|
240
|
8
|
|
HF
|
19 Cr, 9 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
35
|
240
|
25
|
|
HH
|
25 Cr, 12 Ni
|
75
|
515
|
35
|
240
|
10
|
|
HI
|
28 Cr, 15 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
35
|
240
|
10
|
|
HK
|
25 Cr, 20 Ni
|
65
|
450
|
35
|
240
|
10
|
|
HL
|
29 Cr, 20 Ni
|
65
|
450
|
35
|
240
|
10
|
|
HN
|
20 Cr, 25 Ni
|
63
|
435
|
-
|
-
|
8
|
|
HP
|
26 Cr, 35 Ni
|
62.5
|
430
|
34
|
235
|
4.5
|
|
HT
|
15 Cr, 35 Ni
|
65
|
450
|
-
|
-
|
4
|
|
HU
|
19 Cr, 39 Ni
|
65
|
450
|
-
|
-
|
4
|
|
HW
|
12 Cr, 60 Ni
|
60
|
415
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
HX
|
17 Cr, 66 Ni
|
60
|
415
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Corrosion resistant steel castings per ASTM A743-1981a[5]
|
|
Grade
|
Nominal alloy composition [%wt]
|
Tensile strength, minimum
|
0.2% Yield strength, minimum
|
% Elongation in 2 in., minimum
|
|
|
|
ksi
|
MPa
|
ksi
|
MPa
|
|
|
CF-8
|
9 Cr, 9 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
35
|
|
CG-12
|
22 Cr, 12 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
28
|
195
|
35
|
|
CF-20
|
19 Cr, 9 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
30
|
|
CF-8M
|
19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
30
|
|
CF-8C
|
19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Nb
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
30
|
|
CF-16 & CF-16Fa
|
19 Cr, 9 Ni, free machining
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
25
|
|
CH-10 & CH-20
|
25 Cr, 12 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
30
|
|
CK-20
|
25 Cr, 20 Ni
|
65
|
450
|
28
|
195
|
30
|
|
CE-30
|
29 Cr, 9 Ni
|
80
|
550
|
40
|
275
|
10
|
|
CA-15 & CA-15M
|
12 Cr
|
90
|
620
|
65
|
450
|
18
|
|
CB-30
|
20 Cr
|
65
|
450
|
30
|
205
|
-
|
|
CC-50
|
28 Cr
|
55
|
380
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
CA-40
|
12 Cr
|
100
|
690
|
70
|
485
|
15
|
|
CF-3
|
19 Cr, 9 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
35
|
|
CF-3M
|
19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
30
|
|
CG6MMN
|
Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo
|
75
|
515
|
35
|
240
|
30
|
|
CG-8M
|
19 Cr, 11 Ni, with Mo
|
75
|
520
|
35
|
240
|
25
|
|
CN-7M
|
20 Cr, 29 Ni, with Co & Mo
|
62
|
425
|
25
|
170
|
35
|
|
CN-7MS
|
19 Cr, 24 Ni, with Co & Mo
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
35
|
|
CW-12M
|
Ni, Mo & Cr
|
72
|
495
|
46
|
315
|
4
|
|
CY-40
|
Ni, Cr & Fe
|
70
|
485
|
28
|
195
|
30
|
|
CA-6NM
|
12 Cr, 4 Ni
|
110
|
775
|
80
|
550
|
15
|
|
CD-4MCu
|
25 Cr, 5 Ni, 3 Cu, 2 Mo
|
100
|
690
|
70
|
485
|
16
|
|
CA-6N
|
|
140
|
|
135
|
930
|
15
|
|
CE-30
|
29 Cr, 9 Ni
|
80
|
550
|
40
|
275
|
10
|
|
CA-15 & CA-15M
|
12 Cr
|
90
|
620
|
65
|
450
|
18
|
|
CB-30
|
20 Cr
|
65
|
450
|
30
|
205
|
-
|
|
CC-50
|
28 Cr
|
55
|
380
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
CA-40
|
12 Cr
|
100
|
690
|
70
|
485
|
15
|
|
CF-3
|
19 Cr, 9 Ni
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
35
|
|
CF-3M
|
19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
30
|
|
CG6MMN
|
Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo
|
75
|
515
|
35
|
240
|
30
|
|
CG-8M
|
19 Cr, 11 Ni, with Mo
|
75
|
520
|
35
|
240
|
25
|
|
CN-7M
|
20 Cr, 29 Ni, with Co & Mo
|
62
|
425
|
25
|
170
|
35
|
|
CN-7MS
|
19 Cr, 24 Ni, with Co & Mo
|
70
|
485
|
30
|
205
|
35
|
|
CW-12M
|
Ni, Mo & Cr
|
72
|
495
|
46
|
315
|
4
|
|
CY-40
|
Ni, Cr & Fe
|
70
|
485
|
28
|
195
|
30
|
|
CA-6NM
|
12 Cr, 4 Ni
|
110
|
775
|
80
|
550
|
15
|
|
CD-4MCu
|
25 Cr, 5 Ni, 3 Cu, 2 Mo
|
100
|
690
|
70
|
485
|
16
|
|
CA-6N
|
11 Cr, 7 Ni
|
140
|
965
|
135
|
930
|
15
|
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